Political Psychology 

This class is intended to be a reading seminar at the intersection of two disciplines, psychology and political science.  We will do our best in this course to focus on the political, drawing upon more purely psychological work as needed.  The purpose of the course is to bring all of us up to speed with one of the fundamental approaches to the study of politics, namely, to regard the actors as under the influence of psychological processes.  There are many applications: trust in groups, candidate selection, formation of attitudes about politics, organizational dynamics, voting, and so on.  Because Brehm is hopelessly parochial, the material here will be disproportionately drawn from American politics, although he is making an effort to identify relevant comparative and IR articles, too.

There's a lot to read here, and much of it is in the form of articles. This is a first pass version of the syllabus, and perhaps some of the material will be out of sequence, some weeks will contain more meat (and more pages) than others, and there will, inevitably, be some topics which we give short shrift.  Note that many books have been marked with an asterisk -- this means that we will need to decide which portions of the book are to be read for class, and which to be remembered for another day.

I would like one student a week to be responsible for opening the discussion with a brief presentation summarizing the key approaches and findings for the week's readings.  In addition, I would like one student each week to be responsible for assembling the materials for the subsequent week's readings.

Because we make such heavy use of the Iyengar and McGuire volume, you will want to place an order for a copy on Amazon.   

The final assignment for this course is to design an experiment.  My hope is that you will be able to follow through on your experimental designs, perhaps as a component of your dissertation research.  You are permitted, even encouraged, to develop your experiment in teams.

1. Introduction: What is Political Psychology?

Iyengar, Shanto.  1993. "An Overview of the Field of Political Psychology." In Iyengar and McGuire, Ch. 1
McGuire, William. 1993. "The Poly-Psy Relationship:  Three Phases of a Long Affair." In Iyengar and McGuire, Ch. 2
Sniderman, Paul, Richard Brody, and Phillip Tetlock. Reasoning and Choice. Ch 1
Rahn, Wendy M. and John L. Sullivan, 1993.  "Political Psychology: The Role of Politics and Psychology."  Paper presented at the Political Psychology Conference, University of Illinois, June 17-20.
Jervis, Robert, 1989.  "Political PsychologySome Challenges and Opportunities."  pp. 10; 481-493.
Kinder, Donald, and Thomas Palfrey. 1993. "On Behalf of an Experimental Political Science." In Kinder and Palfrey, Experimental Foundations of Political Science, Ch. 1.

2.Personality
Greenstein, Fred I., 1992.  "Can Personality and Politics Be Studied Systematically?" Political Psychology 12: 105-128.

Authoritarianism
Adorno, T.W., et al. 1950.  The Authoritarian Personality, Ch. 1, 7, 19. 
Altemeyer, Bob, 1988.  Enemies of Freedom, Ch 3, 4, 5.
Duckitt, John, 1989.  "Authoritarianism and Group Identification: A New View of an Old Construct."  Political Psychology 10: 63-84.
McFarland, Sam G., Vladimir S. Ageyev and Marina A. Abalakina-Paap, 1992  "Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union."  JPSP 63:1004-1010.
Meloen, Jos D., Gert Van der Linden and Hans De Witte. 1996. "A Test of the Approaches of Adorno et al., Lederer and Altemeyer of Authoritarianism in Belgian Flanders," Political Psychology 17:643-656.

Tolerance
Sullivan, John L. et al.. 1981. "The sources of political tolerance." APSR,75:92-105.
Marcus, George E., et al. 1995. With Malice Toward Some:  How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments.  Ch. 2, 3.
McCloskey, H., and A. Brill, Dimensions of Tolerance.  New York: Russell Sage, 1983. . 336-370.

Obedience
Milgram, Stanley. 1975 Obedience to Authority.  Ch 2, 10.

3.Social and Political Learning
Leibert, Robert M., and Michael D. Spiegler. "Social Learning Theories." In Personality:  Strategies and Issues, 7th ed., ch. 20.

Altruiuism
*Monroe,  Kristin Renwick.  The Heart of Altruism.
Oliner, Samuel and Pearl Oliner. 1988, The Altruistic Personality:  Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, Ch. 5-7.
Teske, Nathan.  1997.  "Beyond Altruism: Identity-Construction as Moral Motive in Political Explanation, Political Psychology, 18:71-92.

Culture and Politics
*Hamilton, V. Lee and Joseph Sanders. 1992. Everyday Justice.
Triandis, Harry C., 1989.  "The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts."  Psychological Review,  96:506-520.
Markus, Hazel and Shinobu Kitayama, 1991.  "Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion and Motivation."  Psychological Review 98:224-253.

Socialization
Jennings, M. Kent and Gregory B. Markus, 1984.  "Partisan Orientations over the Long haul: Results from the 3-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study."  APSR 77:1000-1018.
*Freedman, Anne E. and P.E. Freedman, 1975.  The Psychology of Political Control. New York: St. Martin's Press.
*Sigel, Roberta S., editor, 1989.  Political Learning in Adulthood.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

4.Political Cognition I: Schemas
Granberg, Donald "Political Perception," Ch. 4 in Iyengar & McGuire.
Srull, T. and R. Wyer. 1979. "The role of category accessibility in the interpreation of information about persons: some determinants and implications." JPSP 37: 1660-1672.
Diana Mutz, 1997. "Mechanisms of Momentum: Does Thinking Make It So?"  JoP 59:104-125.
Kuklinski, James H., Robert C. Luskin and John Bolland, 1991.  "Where Is the Schema?  Going Beyond the "S" Word in Political Psychology,"  APSR.  85:1357-1382.
Judd, Charles and James Downing, "Stereotypic Accuracy in Judgments of the Political Positions of Groups and Individuals," Ch. 4 in Milton Lodge & Kathleen McGraw, Political Judgment, 65-90
Hurwitz, Jon and Mark Peffley, 1997. "Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: the Role of Racial Stereotypes," APSR 41:374-401
Peffley, Jon Hurwitz, and Paul M. Sniderman, 1997. "Racial Stereotypes and Whites' Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime," AJPS, 41:30-60 3060.
Zajonc, Robert., "Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology."  In the Handbook of Social Psychology  Vol. 1 pp. 338-391
McGuire, W.J., "The Structure of Human Thought."  In TOCCAS, pp. 140-162.
Conover, Pamela and Stanley Feldman, 1984.  "How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic Model."  AJPS 28:95-126 

5.Political Cognition II: Heuristics and Biases
Sniderman, Paul M. Richard A. Brody, and Philip E. Tetlock, 1991.  "The Role of Heuristics in Political Reasoning: A Theory Sketch," in  Reasoning and Choice,  Ch 2.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Sherman, Steven J. and Eric Corty, 1984.  "Cognitive Heuristics," in Robert S. Wyer, Jr. and Thomas K. Srull, eds, Handbook of Social Cognition. vol. 1.  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, pp. 245-54, pp. 270-76. 
Kelley, Harold H. 1973. "The Processes of Causal Attribution." American Psychologist 28:107-127.
Nisbett, R. and L. Ross. ``Causal Analysis,'' Ch. 6 in Nisbett and Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Taylor, Shelly and Susan Fiske. 1978. ``Salience, Attention and Attribution.'' In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 249-288.
Kramer, Roderick. M. 1994. ``The Sinister Attribution Error." Motivation and Emotion 18:199-230.
Bem, Daryl. 1967. "Self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenonomena.
*Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston IL: Row, Peterson.
*Heider, Fritz. 1946 The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.  New York: Wiley.

6.Political Knowledge
*Delli Carpini, Michael and Scott Keeter. What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters.
Gordon, Stacy B. and Gary M. Segura, 1997. "Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice?"  JoP 59: 126-147.
Bartels, Larry M., 1996. "Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections," AJPS 40: 194-230.
Sidanius, Jim, 1988.  "Political Sophistication and Political Deviance: A Structural Equation Examination of Context Theory."  JPSP 55:37-51.
Fiske, Susan T., Donald R. Kinder, and W. Michael Larter, 1983.  "The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition."  JPSP 19:381-400.
McGraw, Kathleen M. and Neil Pinney, 1990.  "The Effects of General and Domain-Specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment." Social Cognition 8:9-30
Delli Carpini, Michael X. and Scott Keeter, 1993.  "Measuring Political Knowledge: Putting First Things First."  AJPS 37:1100-1118.

7.Affect
*Markus and Mackuen book ms.
Iyengar and McGuire, ch 6, 10.
Marcus, George and Michael MacKuen 1993.  "Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote."  APSR 87:672-685.
Rahn, Wendy M., Brian Kroeger and Cynthia Kite 1993.  "The Etiology and Attitudinal Consequences of Public Mood."  Manuscript.
Conover, Pamela and Stanley Feldman 1986.  "Emotional Reactions to the Economy: I'm Mad as Hell and I'm not Going to Take it Anymore."  AJPS 30:50-78.
Ekman, Paul 1992.  "An Argument for Basic Emotions."  Cognition and Emotion. 6:169-200.
Ortony, Andrew and Terence J. Turner 1990.  "What's Basic About Basic Emotions?"  Psychological Review 97:315-331.
Zajonc, R.B. "Feeling and Thinking."  American Psychologist 35:151-175.
Roseman, R.P. Abelson and M. F. Ewing, "Emotional and Political Cognition."

8.Political decision-making
Simon, Herbert. 1985. "Human nature in politics:  the dialogue of psychology with political science." APSR 79:293-304.
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman 1989.  Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes," AJPS 33:912-40. 
Rahn, Wendy M., John H. Aldrich, Eugene Borgida, and John L. Sullivan 1990.  In Information and Democratic Processes  John A. Ferejohn and James H. Kulinski, eds.  Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Popkin, Samuel I. 1991.  "Going Beyond the Data: Evidence and Inference in Voting."  In  The Reasoning Voter, Ch. 4.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  
Kinder, Donald R., Mark D. Peters, Robert P. Abelson, and Susan T. Fiske 1980.  "Presidential Prototypes."  Political Behavior 2:315-37. 
Krosnick, Jon A. 1988.  "The Role of Attitude Importance in Social Evaluation: A Study of Policy Preferences, Presidential Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior."  JPSP 55:196-210.
Lau, Richard R. 1989.  "Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice," Political Behavior 11:5-21.  

9.  Groups
Sidanius, Jim 1988.  "Political Sophistication and Political Deviance: A Structural Equation Examination of Context Theory."  JPSP 55:37-51.
Fiske, Susan T., Donald R. Kinder, and W. Michael Larter 1983.  "The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition."  JPSP 19:381-400.
McGraw, Kathleen M. and Neil Pinney 1990.  "The Effects of General and Domain-Specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment." Social Cognition 8:9-30..
*Janis, Groupthink
Tetlock, Philip E. et al. 1992.  "Assessing Political Group Dynamics: A Test of the GroupThink Model."  JPSP 63: 403-425.
Turner, Marlene E. et al. 1992.  "Threat, Cohesion, and Group Effectiveness: Testing a Social Identity Maintenance Perspective on GroupThink."  JPSP 63:781-796.
Conover, Pamela Johnston 1988.  "The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking."  BJPS 18:51-75. 
Brewer, Marilynn B. 1003.  "Social Identity, Distinctiveness, and In-Group Homogeneity."  Social Cognition 11:150-164.
Sapiro, Virginia 1990.  "The Women's Movement and the Creation of Gender Consciousness."  In Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy.  New York: Teachers College Press.  (RR)
Miller, Arthur H., Patricia Gurian, Gerald Gurian, and Oksana Malanchuk 1981.  "Group Consciousness and Political Participation."  AJPS 25:494-511.
Tajfel, Henri 1982.  "Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations."  Annual Review of Psychology 33:1-39.
Conover Pamela Johnston and Virginia Sapiro, "Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War," AJPS November 1993 37:1079-1099.

10.  Memory or On-Line
Hastie, Reid and Bernadette Park 1986.  "The Relationship Between Memory and Judgment Depends on Whether the Judgment is Memory-Based or On-Line."  Psychological Review 93:258-68.  (10 pages of text)
Lodge, Milton, Kathleen McGraw, and Patrick Stroh 1989.  "An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation."  APSR 83:399-419.  
Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau 1995.  "The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation."  APSR  89:308-26.
Lodge, Milton, Patrick Stroh and John Wahlke 1990.  "Glack-Box Models of Candidate Evaluation."  Poiltical Behavior 12:5-18. 
Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. 1999. Hard Choices, Easy Answers: Values, Information, and American Public Opinion,, Ch 2-4.

11.Persuasion
*Petty, Richard and John Caccioppo. 1986. Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change.  New York: Springer-Verlag.
Iyengar, Peters, and Kinder 1982.  "Experimental Demonstrations of the 'Not-So-Minimal' Consequences of Television News programs."  APSR  848-58. 
Krosnick and Kinder 1990.  "Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming."  APSR 84:497-512.
*Tyler, Tom. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.
*Cialdini, Robert. Influence.

12.Trust
Scholz, John and Mark Lubell. 1998. "Adaptive Political Attitudes: Duty, Trust, and Fear as Monitors of Tax Policy."  AJPS 42:903-921.
Feldman, Stanley.  1983. "The Measurement and Meaning of Trust in Government." Political Methodology 9:341-355
Brehm, John and Wendy Rahn. 1998. "Individual Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital." AJPS 41:999-1023.
Rahn, Wendy, John Brehm, and Neal Carlson. 1999. "National Elections as Institutions for Building Social Capital." In Morris Fiorina and Theda Skocpol, Eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Brookings.
Hagan, John, Hans Merkens, and Klaus Boehnke. ``Delinquency and Disdain: Social Capital and the Control of Right-Wing Extremism among East and West Berlin Youth." American Journal of Sociology 100:1028-52.
Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 1995. Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes Toward American Institutions New York: Cambridge University Press.
Yamagishi, Toshio and Midori Yamagishi. 1994. "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan.'' Motivation and Emotion 18:129-166.

13.Rationality
*Green, Donald and  Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies oF Rational Choice: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bianco, William. 1998. "Different Paths to the Same Result: Rational Choice, Political Psychology, and Impression Formation in Campaigns." AJPS 42:1061-1081.
Kahneman, David and Amos Tversky. 1973. "On the psychology of prediction." Psychological Review, 80:237-51.
Kahneman, David and Amos Tversky. 1982. "The psychology of preferences," Science 246:136-142.
Simon, "Rationalist as a Process and Product of Thought," American Economic Review: Proceedings 68:1-16.
Johnson, E.J. and Amos Tversky. 1983. ``Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk." JPSP 45:20-31.